LECTURE 9 - SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY - GS FOUNDATION

ESSAY STUDY MATERIAL (DEMO)

Ease Essay Schedule

Essay Workbook Sample

Essay Data Bank

Essay Practise Workbook

Essay Learning Bits

ESSAY TEST PAPERS (DEMO)

ANCIENT HISTORY

Indus Valley Civilisation - Part 1

Indus Valley Civilisation - Part 2

Indus Valley Civilisation - Part 3

Vedic Civilisation - Part 1

Vedic Civilisation - Part 2

Vedic Civilisation - Part 3

Vedic Civilisation - Part 4

Vedic Civilisation - Part 5

Vedic Civilisation - Part 6

Vedic Literature - Part 1

Vedic Literature - Part 2

Introduction to Buddhism

Philosophy of Buddhism

Literature of Buddhism

Architecture of Buddhism

Introduction of Jainism

Philosophy of Jainism

Jain Literature & Jain Councils

Mahajanpada Era

Rise of Magadha

Mauryan Empire - Part 1 (Chandragupta and Bindusara)

Introduction of Ashoka

Ashokan Policy and Decline of Mughals

Mauryan admininstration, taxation and military policy

Mauryan Art & Architecture

Mauryan Economy

Indo-Greek Invasion & Shakas

Kushanas and Guptas - Part 1

Guptas - Part 2

Guptas - Part 3

Guptas - Part 4

Guptas - Part 5

Guptas - Part 6

Shungas, Kanwas, Satavahanas

Vardhan Dynasty / Pushyashuti Dynasty

Chalukya Dynasty

Pallava Dynasty

Chola Dynasty - Part 1

Chola Dynasty - Part 2

Chola Dynasty - Part 3

ANCIENT HISTORY DPPs

DPP 1 - Prehistory + IVC (Questions)

DPP 2 - Vedic Age + Jainism & Buddhism + Mahajanpadas - (Questions)

DPP 3 - Mauryas + Post Mauryan India - (Questions)

DPP 4 - Gupta to Harsha + Sangam - (Questions)

DPP 5 - Foreign Invasions and Contacts, Art, Architecture and Literature - (Questions)

DPP 1 - Prehistory + IVC (Answers)

DPP 2 - Vedic Age + Jainism & Buddhism + Mahajanpadas - (Answers)

DPP 3 - Mauryas + Post Mauryan India - (Answers)

DPP 4 - Gupta to Harsha + Sangam - (Answers)

DPP 5 - Foreign Invasions and Contacts, Art, Architecture and Literature - (Answers)

ANCIENT HISTORY - 2026

LECTURE 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ANCIENT HISTORY

LECTURE - 1 - PRE, PROTO AND HISTORY - NOTES

LECTURE 2 - PALAEOLITHIC AGES

LECTURE - 2 - PALEOLITHIC AGES - NOTES

LECTURE 3 - MESOLITHIC AGES

LECTURE - 3 - MESOLITHIC AGES - NOTES

LECTURE 4 - NEOLITHIC AGES

LECTURE - 4 - NEOLITHIC AGES - NOTES

MEDIEVAL HISTORY

Introduction to Medieval India

Rise of Islam

Arab Invasion

Invasion of TURKS

Slave Dynasty - Part 1

Slave Dynasty - Part 2

Khilji Dynasty - Part 1

Khilji Dynasty - Part 2

Tuglaq Dynasty - Part 1

Tuglaq Dynasty - Part 2

Sulanate Period Culture and Administration

Kashmir, Malwa, Gujarat, Mewar, Vijaynagar, Jaunpur

Ahamednagar, Bidar, Barar, Golkunda, Bijapur

Sufism

Bhakti Movements

Mughal Empire - Part 1

Mughal Empire - Part 2

Mughal Empire - Part 3

Mughal Empire - Part 4

Mughal Empire - Part 5

Mughal Empire - Part 6

Mughal Art & Culture

Marathas

Sikhism

MEDIEVAL HISTORY DPPs

DPP 1 - Early Medieval Dynasties + Cholas + Early Muslim Invasions + Delhi Sultanate (Questions)

DPP 2 - Lodi–Babur–Humayun, Sur Empire, Akbar’s reign, Mughal Deccan Expansion (Questions)

DPP 3 - Jahangir–Shah Jahan–Aurangzeb, Maratha–Deccan–Regional states, Society & Economy (Questions)

DPP 4 - Vijayanagar Empire & Bahmani Conflict, Other Regional States (Questions)

DPP 1 - Early Medieval Dynasties + Cholas + Early Muslim Invasions + Delhi Sultanate (Answers)

DPP 2 - Lodi–Babur–Humayun, Sur Empire, Akbar’s reign, Mughal Deccan Expansion (Answers)

DPP 3 - Jahangir–Shah Jahan–Aurangzeb, Maratha–Deccan–Regional states, Society & Economy (Answers)

DPP 4 - Vijayanagar Empire & Bahmani Conflict, Other Regional States (Answers)

MODERN HISTORY

Mains Value Addition - 1

Mains Value Addition - 2

Mains Value Addition - 3

Mains Value Addition - 4

Mains Value Addition - 5

Mains Value Addition - 6

Mains Value Addition - 7

Mains Value Addition - 8

Mains Value Addition - 9

Mains Value Addition - 10

Mains Value Addition - 11

Mains Value Addition - 12 (Part 1)

Mains Value Addition - 12 (Part 2)

MODERN HISTORY DPPs

DPP 1 - India in the 18th Century (Questions)

DPP 2 - 19th Century British Rule, Socio-Religious Reform Movement (Questions)

DPP 3 - Post 1857 Till Rise of Gandhian Era (Questions)

DPP 4 - 1915 Towards Independence (Questions)

DPP 1 - India in the 18th Century (Answers)

DPP 2 - 19th Century British Rule, Socio-Religious Reform Movement (Answers)

DPP 3 - Post 1857 Till Rise of Gandhian Era (Answers)

DPP 4 - 1915 Towards Independence (Answers)

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

Introduction

Basics of Geography

Geomorphology - Endogenic Forces

Endogenetic & Exogenetic Forces

Earthquakes

Volcanoes and Geomorphological Theories

Geomorphological Theories, Major Landforms of Earth

Major and Minor Landforms of Earth

Glacial Landforms

Major Land Forms of Earth, Marine Landforms, Karst Landforms (Part 1)

Climatology - Part 1

Climatology Part 2 - ITCZ, Local Winds, Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure

Climatology Part 3 - Temperate Cyclone Fronts

Climatology Part 4

Climatology - Jet Streams, Humidity, Precipitation

Climatology - Koppen Climate

Oceanography - Part 1

Oceanography - Part 2

Oceanography - Part 3 Coral Reefs and Reef Bleaching

Biogeography Part 1 - Soil Genesis

Biogeography Part 2 - Soil Classification

Biogeography Part 3

Indian Geography

Indian Geography Part 2 - Indian Rock System

Indian Geography Part 3

Indian Geography Part 4 - Western & Eastern Ghats, Indian Islands

Drainage

Brahmaputra River System, Peninsular & Himalayan Rivers

West Flowing Peninsular Rivers

Mechanism of Indian Monsoon

Indian Monsoon El Nino & La Nina

Climate of India - Part 1

Climate of India - Part 2

Major Soil Types of India - Part 1

Major Soil Types of India - Part 2

Human & Economic Geography Part 1 - Population of India

Human & Economic Geography Part 2 - Agriculture

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY DPPs

DPP 1 - Earth's Origin till Earthquake (Questions)

DPP 2 - Weathering and Landforms (Questions)

DPP 3 - Atmosphere, Insolation, Heat Budget, Temperature and Pressure Belts (Questions)

DPP 4 - Cyclones, Jet Streams, Monsoon and Rainfall (Questions)

DPP 5 - Ocean Relief, Tides & Waves, Ocean Currents, Coral Reefs, El-Nino La-Nina (Questions)

DPP 6 - Climatic Regions, Natural Vegetation,Soil, Climate Zones, Deserts, Rivers (Questions)

DPP 7 - Geological Structure of India (Questions)

DPP 8 - Climatology - Indian Climatic System (Questions)

DPP 9 - Soils Of India,Water Resources & River Disputes,Mineral Resources (Questions)

DPP 10 - Cropping Patterns, Agricultural Regions, Irrigation Types, Green Revolution, Major Industries (Questions)

DPP 11 - Human Geography-Population,Migration, Urbanisation,Transport & Trade, Economic Activities (Questions)

DPP 1 - Earth's Origin till Earthquake (Answers)

DPP 2 - Weathering and Landforms (Answers)

DPP 3 - Atmosphere, Insolation, Heat Budget, Temperature and Pressure Belts (Answers)

DPP 4 - Cyclones, Jet Streams, Monsoon and Rainfall (Answers)

DPP 5 - Ocean Relief, Tides & Waves, Ocean Currents, Coral Reefs, El-Nino La-Nina (Answers)

DPP 6 - Climatic Regions, Natural Vegetation,Soil, Climate Zones, Deserts, Rivers (Answers)

DPP 7 - Geological Structure of India (Answers)

DPP 8 - Climatology - Indian Climatic System (Answers)

DPP 9 - Soils Of India,Water Resources & River Disputes,Mineral Resources (Answers)

DPP 10 - Cropping Patterns, Agricultural Regions, Irrigation Types, Green Revolution, Major Industries (Answers)

DPP 11 - Human Geography-Population,Migration, Urbanisation,Transport & Trade, Economic Activities (Answers)

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

Nanotechnology - Introduction

Nano Mission - Nano Allotropes and their Properties

Nanotechnology - Applications and Challenges

Space Technology - Satellites and Orbits

Space Technology - Halo Orbit and Classification of Satellites

Space Technology - Scientific Spacecrafts - GAGANYAAN, ADITYA L1

Space Technology - XPOSAT, Chandrayaan, Bhartiya Antriksh Station, Navigation Satellites, Indian Space Programme

Space Technology - Private Sector Participation in Space, Launcher Technology, Nuclear Tech in Space, International Missions

Astrophysics - Big Bang Theory, Star Formation and Evolution

Astrophysics - General Theory of Relativity, Gravitational Lensing and wave, Dark Matter and Energy and Particle Physics

Defence Technology - Intro, Organizational Structure, DRDO Technology Cluster, Missile Types and Technology

Defence Technology - Missile Programmes of India, Strategic Missiles, Missile Defence System, RADAR and SONAR

Defence Technology - Indian Submarines, Indian Aircraft Carrier, Air Breathing Engines, Fighter Planes, CW, BW and Treaties

Energy Harnessing Technology - Work, Energy, Energy Sources, Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Physics, Radioactivity

Energy Harnessing Technology - Nuclear Power Plant, Electromagnetic Induction, Indian Nuclear Energy Programme

Energy Harnessing Technology - Nuclear Fusion Technology, Applications of Radio Isotopes, Nuclear Treaties, Rare Earth Elements

Power Sector at Glance, Fossil Energy Sources, Conventional and Unconventional Energy Sources

Renewal Energy Sources and Technology, Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydro, Oceanic and Tidal

Biomass Energy - BioEnergy, Energy Transition- Green Hydrogen, EV, Fuel Agnostic Tech, Sustainable Fuels, Flex Fuels

Material Science - Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor, Semiconductor - Applications, LED, Transistor, Display Technology

Computers, Generations, Supercomputers, Robotics and Applications

ICT – Meaning and Application, IR 4.0 Technology - CPS, IOT, BIG DATA, CLOUD COMPUTING

ICT - Blockchain Technology and Networking for Devices

ICT - AI – ML, DL, ANN, Computer Vision, Concerns, AR, VR, MR, Metaverse, WEB 3.0 and NFT

ICT - Digital India Mission - Digital Public Infrastructure, Communication System

ICT - Common Digital Communication System - LIFI – RFID – NFC - 3G_4G_5G -Satellite Broadband Connection

Microorganism - Classification and Applications

Microorganisms - Applications - Biotechnology

Central Dogma - DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation, Cell Defence Mechanism - Gene Silencing, Genomics - DNA Fingerprinting

Genetic Engineering- RDNA Technology, Gene Editing Enzymes, CRISPR_CAS-9, Gene Therapy - CAR –T, MRT Therapy

Biotechnology

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DPPs

DPP 1 - Space Technology (Questions)

DPP 2 - Renewable Energy (Questions)

DPP 3 - IT & Communication (Questions)

DPP 4 - Defence Technology (Questions)

DPP 5 - Nanotechnology (Questions)

DPP 6 - Biotechnology (Questions)

DPP 7 - Health and Diseases (Questions)

DPP 8 - Emerging Technology- Ai,Quantum Technology,Robotics,Blockchain (Questions)

DPP 1 - Space Technology (Answers)

DPP 2 - Renewable Energy (Answers)

DPP 3 - IT & Communication (Answers)

DPP 4 - Defence Technology (Answers)

DPP 5 - Nanotechnology (Answers)

DPP 6 - Biotechnology (Answers)

DPP 7 - Health and Diseases (Answers)

DPP 8 - Emerging Technology- Ai,Quantum Technology,Robotics,Blockchain (Answers)

ETHICS

Introduction to Ethics

MEVA

Value System

Socialisation and Parenting

Parenting

Role of Mother, Father, School

Role of Religion and Organisational Ethics

Attitude

Attitude and Persuasion

Techniques of Persuasion (Part 1)

Techniques of Persuasion (Part 2)

Social Influence

Core Values

Aptitude and Foundational Values of Civil Services

Integrity

Integrity, Tolerance and Emotional Intelligence

Values of Civil Services

Probity in Civil Services and Conscience

ETHICS DPPs

DPP 1 - ESSENCE & DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS, APPROACHES (INDIAN & WESTERN), MORALITY VS VALUE, ETHICS IN PUBLIC & ECONOMIC LIFE (Questions)

DPP 2 - ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & MORAL PHILOSOPHY IN GOVERNANCE (Questions)

DPP 3 - VALUES IN GOVERNANCE (LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, JUDICIARY), ROLE OF FAMILY, SOCIETY, VALUE EDUCATION (Questions)

DPP 4 - HUMAN VALUES, SOCIALIZATION, PERSONALITY, FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, AESTHETIC VALUES (Questions)

DPP 5 - DEMOCRATIC VALUES, PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, WORK-LIFE VALUES, CIVIL SERVICE VALUES (Questions)

DPP 6 - APTITUDE, ETHICAL LEADERSHIP , ACCOUNTABILITY, FOUNDATIONAL VALUES IN CIVIL SERVICES (Questions)

DPP 7 - EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (Questions)

DPP 8 - INDIAN THINKERS AND PHILOSOPERS (Questions)

DPP 9 - WESTERN THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS (Questions)

DPP 10 - THINKERS AND ETHICAL LEADERS (Questions)

DPP 11 - ATTITUDE,SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND PERSUASION (Questions)

DPP 12 - ETHICAL GOVERNANCE, APPLICATION OF ETHICS IN VARIOUS DIMENSIONS (Questions)

DPP 13 - ETHICAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BUSINESS ETHICS (Questions)

DPP 14 - PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE,PUBLIC SERVICE,RTI, TRANSPARENCY,CODE OF CONDUCT & CODE OF ETHICS,WHISTLEBLOWING (Questions)

DPP 15 - MEDIA ETHICS,BUSINESS ETHICS,SPORTS ETHICS (Questions)

DPP 1 - ESSENCE & DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS, APPROACHES (INDIAN & WESTERN), MORALITY VS VALUE, ETHICS IN PUBLIC & ECONOMIC LIFE (Answers)

DPP 2 - ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & MORAL PHILOSOPHY IN GOVERNANCE (Answers)

DPP 3 - VALUES IN GOVERNANCE (LEGISLATURE, EXECUTIVE, JUDICIARY), ROLE OF FAMILY, SOCIETY, VALUE EDUCATION (Answers)

DPP 4 - HUMAN VALUES, SOCIALIZATION, PERSONALITY, FUNDAMENTAL VALUES, AESTHETIC VALUES (Answers)

DPP 5 - DEMOCRATIC VALUES, PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, WORK-LIFE VALUES, CIVIL SERVICE VALUES (Answers)

DPP 6 - APTITUDE, ETHICAL LEADERSHIP , ACCOUNTABILITY, FOUNDATIONAL VALUES IN CIVIL SERVICES (Answers)

DPP 7 - EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (Answers)

DPP 8 - INDIAN THINKERS AND PHILOSOPERS (Answers)

DPP 9 - WESTERN THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS (Answers)

DPP 10 - THINKERS AND ETHICAL LEADERS (Answers)

DPP 11 - ATTITUDE,SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND PERSUASION (Answers)

DPP 12 - ETHICAL GOVERNANCE, APPLICATION OF ETHICS IN VARIOUS DIMENSIONS (Answers)

DPP 13 - ETHICAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BUSINESS ETHICS (Answers)

DPP 14 - PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE,PUBLIC SERVICE,RTI, TRANSPARENCY,CODE OF CONDUCT & CODE OF ETHICS,WHISTLEBLOWING (Answers)

DPP 15 - MEDIA ETHICS,BUSINESS ETHICS,SPORTS ETHICS (Answers)

SOCIOLOGY LECTURES

Lecture 1 - Orientation

Lecture 2 - Basic Concepts

Lecture 3 - Basic Concepts and Introduction to Unit 1

Lecture 4 - Modernity and Changes in Europe

Lecture 5 - Emergence and Introduction to Sociological Thinkers

Lecture 6 -EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY - ANSWER WRITING SESSION 1

Lecture 7 - SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY

LECTURE 8 - SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS

LECTURE 9 - SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY

LECTURE 10 - SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY, INTRODUCTION TO COMMON SENSE

LECTURE 11 - SOCIOLOGY AND COMMON SENSE

LECTURE 12 - UNIT - 1 - REVISION PART 1 - MODERNITY AND EMERGENCE

LECTURE 13 - REVISION OF UNIT - 1 - SCOPE AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER SCIENCES

LECTURE 14 - REVISION - UNIT - 1 - SOCIOLOGY AND COMMON SENSE

LECTURE 15 - UNIT 2 - INTRODUCTION SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

LECTURE 16 - SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

LECTURE 18 - FUNCTIONALISM AND CONFLICT THEORY

SOCIOLOGY CLASSROOM NOTES